Skeptophilia (skep-to-fil-i-a) (n.) - the love of logical thought, skepticism, and thinking critically. Being an exploration of the applications of skeptical thinking to the world at large, with periodic excursions into linguistics, music, politics, cryptozoology, and why people keep seeing the face of Jesus on grilled cheese sandwiches.

Tuesday, January 14, 2025

Life out of round

All my life, I've been pulled by two opposing forces.

One of them is the chaos-brain I described in yesterday's post, which I seem to have been born with.  The other is a ferocious attempt to counteract that tendency by controlling the absolute hell out of my surroundings.  I know a lot of this came from the way I was raised; throughout my childhood, nothing I ever did was good enough, and any compliments came along with an appended list (notarized and in triplicate) of all the things I should have done differently and/or could have done better.  

The result is that I do a great deal of overcompensation.  I became fanatically neat, because organizing my physical space was a way of coping with the fact that my brain is like a car with bald tires and no brakes.  My classroom was so organized and clean you could just about eat off the floor (and keep in mind that it was a biology lab).  As a teacher, I strove to make use of every moment we had, and faulted myself whenever things didn't go well or there was an eventuality I hadn't planned for.

I didn't expect perfection from my students, but I did from myself.  And, in some parts of my life, it served me well enough.

The problem is, that approach doesn't work when you apply it to the arts.

I'm not even talking about the "learning curve" issue, here.  Even when I've attained some level of proficiency, I still expect nothing less than perfection, excoriating myself for every scene in a story that didn't come out the way I wanted, every slightly lopsided piece of pottery, every missed note when I play music.

In theory, I'm one hundred percent in agreement with the quote from Ludwig van Beethoven -- "To play a wrong note is insignificant; to play without passion is inexcusable."  Or, more accurately, I believe that for everyone else.  It's much harder to treat myself so forgivingly.

The result has been an overwhelming case of impostor syndrome, coupled with fear of criticism -- which will, in my warped way of looking at things, only confirm what I've thought about myself all along.  I'm at least working on getting my writing out there under the public eye, despite the inherent risks of poor sales and/or bad reviews, but it's been harder in other aspects of my creative life.  I'm still at the stage where I had to have my arm twisted (hard) to induce me to join as a flutist in a contradance band, and it's damn near impossible to get me to play the piano in front of anyone else (including my wife).  But I'm harshest about my own skill when it comes to my artistic work, which is pottery.  I keep very little of what I make, and most of what I do keep are the pieces that are simple and purely functional -- bowls and mugs and the like.  The vast majority of the sculptures and other, more unusual, pieces I make end up given that dreadful label of "not good enough" and are smashed against the concrete wall of the back of our house. 

All along, I had the attitude -- again, directly consonant with my upbringing -- that this is how you improve, that constant self-criticism should act as some kind of impetus to getting better, to ridding your work of those dreaded mistakes, to attaining that fabled ability to create something with which others could not find fault.

It's only been recently that I've realized that this approach is completely antithetical to creativity.

I got to thinking about this after watching an online pottery workshop with the wonderful New Hampshire potter Nick Sevigney, whose pieces are weird and whimsical and unexpected.  A lot of his pottery has a steampunk feeling, a sense of having been put together from a random assemblage of parts.  It was a revelation to watch him piece together cut slabs of clay, not caring if the result was a little uneven or had a rough edge.  In fact, he embraces those seeming imperfections, turning them "from a bug into a feature."

So I decided to see if I could do a few pieces that riffed off of his approach.

I'm most comfortable on the potter's wheel, so I started out throwing three medium-sized white stoneware bowls.  I've gotten pretty good at getting that smooth curve and rounded profile, with a perfectly circular rim, that is what most of us shoot for when creating a bowl.  

Usually, that's where I'd stop.  If it passed my critical assessment -- not lopsided, decent weight, evenly thick walls, nice smooth surface -- I'd keep it.  Otherwise, into the scrap bucket it'd go.  But here... that was only the first step.

One of the techniques Nick does is taking a piece, cutting chunks out of it, adding texture to the chunk, then reattaching it.  You'd think that because you're putting the piece back where it had been, it'd fit perfectly; but the problem is that adding texture (usually using stamps or rollers) stretches and flattens the clay, so inevitably it ends up larger than the hole it came from.  Nick just forces it to fit, warping the piece's profile -- and instead of worrying about that, he often adds some circular marks that make it look like the piece was inexpertly riveted or screwed back on.

He leans into the unevenness hard.  And the result is something magical, like a relic you might find in a demolished nineteenth century mad scientist's laboratory, something stitched together and broken and reassembled upside down and backwards.

So I took my three smooth, undamaged stoneware bowls and gave it a try.

One of the results

The hardest part -- unsurprising, perhaps, given my personality -- was making the first cut.  Even knowing that if I didn't like the result, I have more clay and could always make another plain, boring, but "perfect" bowl, I sat there for some time, knife in hand, as if the Pottery Gods would smite me if I touched that sleek, classic profile.  Slicing and pressing and marring and deforming it felt like deliberately choosing to ruin something "nice."  

But maybe "nice" isn't what we should be shooting for, as creatives.

Maybe the goal should be somewhere out there beyond "nice."  The point, I realized, is not to retread the safe, secure footsteps I've always taken, but to take a deep breath and launch off into the shadowlands.

So I cut a big chunk from the side of the bowl, got out my texturing stamps and rollers, and set to work.

I was half expecting to give up after a few attempts and throw the whole thing into the scrap bucket, but I didn't.  I found I actually kind of liked the result, as different as it is from what I usually make.  And what surprised me even more was that once I got into it, it was...

... fun.

I've never been much good at "having fun."  In general, I give new meaning to the phrase "tightly wound."  Letting loose and simply being silly is way outside my wheelhouse.  (I know I shortchanged my boys as a dad when they were little simply by my seeming inability to play.)  But I've come to realize that the spirit of playfulness is absolutely critical to creativity.  I don't mean that every creative endeavor should be funny or whimsical; but that sense of pushing the boundaries, of letting the horse have its head and seeing where you end up, is at the heart of what it means to be creative.

I was recently chatting with another author about times when inspiration in writing will surprise you, coming at you seemingly out of nowhere.  When it happens, the feeling is honestly like the ideas are originating outside of my own brain.  There are two examples of this that come to mind immediately, cases where characters to whom I'd never intended to give a big role basically said, "Nuh-uh, you're not sidelining me.  I'm important, and here's why."  (If you're curious, the two are Jennie Trahan in my novella "Convection," and most strikingly, Marig Kastella in The Chains of Orion, who kind of took over the last third of the book, and became one of my favorite characters I've ever written.)  When that happens, it means I've loosened my death-grip on the story, and given my creativity space to breathe.

And it always is a hallmark of things going really right with the writing process.

So I guess the point of all this is to encourage you to stretch your boundaries in your own creative work.  I won't say "lose your fears" -- that's hopeless advice -- but try something new despite them.  (Either something new within your chosen creative medium, or something entirely new.)  Be willing to throw your creative life out of round, to press it into new and unexpected configurations, to turn in a new direction and see where you end up.  There's good stuff to be found there outside of the narrow, constricted, breathless little boundaries of what we've always been told is "the right way to do things."  Take a risk.  Then take another one.  The goal of creativity is not to play it safe.

As French author and Nobel laureate André Gide put it, "One does not discover new lands without consenting to lose sight of the shore."

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NEW!  We've updated our website, and now -- in addition to checking out my books and the amazing art by my wife, Carol Bloomgarden, you can also buy some really cool Skeptophilia-themed gear!  Just go to the website and click on the link at the bottom, where you can support your favorite blog by ordering t-shirts, hoodies, mugs, bumper stickers, and tote bags, all designed by Carol!

Take a look!  Plato would approve.


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Monday, January 13, 2025

Mirror, mirror, on the wall

Sometimes my mental processes are like a giant exercise in free association.

I've always been this way.  My personal motto could be, "Oh, look, something shiny!"  When I was a kid my parents had a nice set of the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and in those pre-internet days I used them for research for school projects.  So I'd start by looking something up -- say, the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution -- and I'd notice something in the article, which I'd then have to look up, then I'd notice something there, and so forth and so on, and pretty soon I was reading the entry about the mating habits of wombats.

My younger son inherited this tendency.  Conversations between the two of us resemble a pinball game.  More than once we've stopped and tried to figure out how we got from Point A to Point Z, but sometimes the pathway is just too weird and convoluted to reconstruct.  Maybe that's why I love James Burke's iconic television series Connections; the lightning-fast zinging from event to event and topic to topic, which Burke uses to brilliant (and often comical) effect, is what's happening inside my skull pretty much all the time.

It's a wonder I ever get anything done.

The reason this comes up is because I was chatting with a friend of mine, the wonderful author K. D. McCrite, about trying to find a topic for Skeptophilia that I hadn't covered before.  She asked if I'd ever looked at the role of mirrors in claims of the paranormal.  I said I hadn't, but that it was an interesting idea.

So I started by googling "mirrors paranormal," and this led me to the Wikipedia article on "scrying."  Apparently this was the practice of gazing into one of a wide variety of objects or substances to try to contact the spirit world.  The article says:
The media most commonly used in scrying are reflective, refractive, translucent, or luminescent surfaces or objects such as crystals, stones, or glass in various shapes such as crystal balls, mirrors, reflective black surfaces such as obsidian, water surfaces, fire, or smoke, but there is no special limitation on the preferences or prejudices of the scryer; some may stare into pitch dark, clear sky, clouds, shadows, or light patterns against walls, ceilings, or pond beds.  Some prefer glowing coals or shimmering mirages.  Some simply close their eyes, notionally staring at the insides of their own eyelids, and speak of "eyelid scrying."
I think next time I'm taking a nap and my wife wants me to get up and do chores, I'm going to tell her to leave me alone because I'm "eyelid scrying."

Yeah, that'll work.

Anyhow, what scrying seems like to me is staring into something until you see something, with no restrictions on what either something is.  It does mean that you're almost guaranteed success, which is more than I can say for some divinatory practices.  But this brought me to the "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn," because they apparently recommended mirror-scrying as a way of seeing who was exerting a positive or negative effect on you, and believed that if you stared into a mirror you'd see the faces of those people standing behind you.  This was preferably done in a dimly-lit room, because there's nothing like making everything harder to see for facilitating your seeing whatever it was you thought you were gonna see.

[Image is in the Public Domain]

On this site, there is a list of famous members, and to my surprise one of them was Charles Williams, a novelist who was a close friend of J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis.  His novels Descent into Hell, All Hallow's Eve, The Greater Trumps, The Place of the Lion, and War in Heaven are fascinatingly weird, like nothing else I've ever read -- a combination of urban fantasy and fever dream.  He was also a devout Christian, so his membership in the Golden Dawn strikes me as odd, but I guess he wasn't the only one to try blending Christianity with neo-druidic mysticism.

At this point I felt I was getting a little far afield from my original intent, so I decided to leave Wikipedia (with its multiple internal links and temptations to wander) and found a site about the history of mirrors and their uses.  On this site I learned that there's a tradition of covering all the mirrors in the house when a family member dies, to prevent the dear departed's soul from becoming trapped in the mirror.  The problem is, if the deceased's spirit wants to hang around, it can simply sidestep -- there's a whole lore about spirits and other paranormal entities which can only be seen out of the corner of your eye.

This immediately grabbed my attention because it's the basis of my novella Periphery.  The idea of the story is that an elderly woman decides to have laser surgery to correct her nearsightedness, and afterwards she starts seeing things in her peripheral vision that no one else sees, and which disappear (or resolve into ordinary objects) when she looks at them straight-on.

The problem is, these things are real, and alive.  And pretty soon, she realizes that one of them has become aware that she can see it -- and it starts to stalk her.

*cue scary music*

This led me to look into accounts of "shadow people" who exist on the fringes of reality and are only (partly) visible as dark silhouettes that flicker into and out of existence in your peripheral vision.  From there, I jumped to a page over at the ever-entertaining site Mysterious Universe about "static entities," which are not only vague and shadowy but appear to be made of the same stuff as the static on a television screen.  I don't want to steal the thunder from Brent Swancer (the post's author) because the whole thing is fun reading, but here's one example of an account he cites:
All of a sudden I had a really powerful urge to look at the end of the hallway.  We had recently brought a coat stand from a bootsale and this was in the middle of the hallway now.  As I stood there I saw a human outline but entirely filled with TV like static, I remember little bits of yellow and blue in it but was mainly white and it came out of the bedroom on the left and was in a running stance but it was really weird because it was in slow motion and it ran from the left to the back door on the right.  As it ran it grabbed the coat stand and pulled it down with it and it fell to the floor.  I was just standing there after in shock...  I ran to my sister and told her what happened and when we went back to the hallway the stand was still on the floor.  That was the only time I saw it, I don’t know why I saw it or why it pulled the stand down, it was all just surreal.  I did have some other experiences in that house that were paranormal so maybe it was connected.
But unfortunately at the end of this article was a list of "related links," and one of them was, "Raelians' ET Embassy Seeks UN Help and Endorsement," which is about a France-based group who believes that the Elohim of the Bible were extraterrestrials who are coming back, and they want the United Nations to prepare a formal welcome for them, so of course I had to check that out.

At this point, I stopped and said, "Okay, what the hell was I researching again?"  The only one in the room with me was my puppy Jethro, and he clearly had no idea, because he's got an even shorter attention span than I do.  So my apologies to K. D., not to mention my readers.  The whole mirrors thing was honestly a good idea, and it probably would have made an awesome post in the hands of someone who has an ability to stay focused longer than 2.8 seconds and isn't distracted every time a squirrel farts in the back yard.  But who knows?  Maybe you learned something anyhow.  And if you followed any of the links, tell me where you ended up.  I can always use a new launch point for my digressions.

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NEW!  We've updated our website, and now -- in addition to checking out my books and the amazing art by my wife, Carol Bloomgarden, you can also buy some really cool Skeptophilia-themed gear!  Just go to the website and click on the link at the bottom, where you can support your favorite blog by ordering t-shirts, hoodies, mugs, bumper stickers, and tote bags, all designed by Carol!

Take a look!  Plato would approve.


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Saturday, January 11, 2025

Whiplash

Like many people, I've been watching the news, photographs, and video footage coming in from the fires in the Los Angeles region with feelings of absolute horror.

[Image licensed under the Creative Commons Toastt21, PalisadesFire fromDowntown, CC BY-SA 4.0]

As of the time of this writing, ten people have died, 34,000 acres have burned, and 200,000 people are under mandatory evacuation orders.  At least ten thousand structures -- homes and businesses -- have burned to the ground.  And while the high winds that have been driving the spread of the wildfires and making fighting them difficult to impossible are supposed to moderate this weekend, meteorologists have predicted them to increase again early next week.

Because there's no human tragedy so heartwrenching that Donald Trump won't use it to score political points, he's gone on Truth Social repeatedly in the last couple of days to say the whole thing is Governor Gavin "Newscum"'s fault, presumably for not raking the forests or going up to Canada to turn on the "very large faucet" that is holding back all the water from the western half of the United States.  Not a word of empathy for the people who've had their homes and their livelihoods destroyed, not a mention of the scale of this catastrophe.

It's what we've come to expect from leaders who have zero compassion and no benchmarks for conduct except for profit, cronyism, and revenge.

Note, too, that there's been no mention that the ultimate cause of this disaster is anthropogenic climate change.  No, gotta find a way that the Democrats are to blame, even though we've been the ones who have been warning about this for years.  In fact, just this week a study was published in the journal National Review of the Earth and the Environment that directly attributes the risk of devastating fire outbreaks to climate change -- more specifically, to a phenomenon called hydroclimate whiplash.

One of the results of global warming that is hard to get people to understand is that it isn't uniform.  The entire world isn't going to gradually slide into becoming a tropical rain forest.  The polar vortex phenomenon we've seen here in the northeastern United States over the last few years is actually one of the predictions of climate change models; the overall warming of the Earth causes a weakening of the polar jet stream, causing it to meander like a river crossing a flat plain.  Loops of the jet stream are pushed south, and those meanders allow icy polar air to move much farther south than normal.  So these deep cold snaps are actually caused by anthropogenic climate change; they're not an argument against it.

Likewise, rainfall and snowfall patterns aren't going to move uniformly in one direction, they're expected to fluctuate wildly.  This is hydroclimate whiplash, and is at the root of the Los Angeles fires.  The rainy season in early 2024 in southern California was abnormally wet (in fact, there were multiple damaging mudslides caused by what are called "atmospheric rivers" dumping huge quantities of rain and snow).  This triggered explosive growth in fast-growing plants like grasses and annual and perennial weeds.  The summer that followed was abnormally dry, and the winter 2024-2025 rainy season basically hasn't happened yet.  So you had what amounted to a tinder box of dried-up plants, just waiting for a spark to start the conflagration.

"The global consequences of hydroclimate whiplash include not only floods and droughts, but the heightened danger of whipsawing between the two, including the bloom-and-burn cycle of overwatered then overdried brush, and landslides on oversaturated hillsides where recent fires removed plants with roots to knit the soil and slurp up rainfall," said Daniel Swain, climatologist with UCLA, who co-authored the study.  "Every fraction of a degree of warming speeds the growing destructive power of the transitions."

You won't hear a word of this from Donald Trump and his cronies, of course.  Not while they have Joe Biden and Gavin Newsom to blame, and certainly not as long as the GOP is in the pockets of the fossil fuels industry.  Trump's pronouncements on the wildfires have contained, to quote CNN's Daniel Dale, a "staggering amount of wrongness," but I guess now we're back to living in the "alternative facts" world we were in from 2016 to 2020.

Since we've now lost our opportunity here in the United States to put the brakes on fossil fuel use, at least for the next four years, look for more extremes to come.  We can expect bigger storms, more heat waves and polar vortexes, more atmospheric rivers and catastrophic droughts.  We tried to warn people; hell, I've been writing about this topic here for fifteen years, and was discussing it in my classes three decades ago.

Not that the people in charge were listening.  As Upton Sinclair put it, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on his not understanding it."

So there's nothing we can do now but to put pressure on legislators -- frustrating though that's likely to be in the current political climate -- and prepare our own selves for weathering the storms, literal and figurative.  Find places to donate to help those displaced by the fires, some of whom have lost everything.  (Here's just one of many options.)  

Most importantly to the bigger picture: keep speaking up against the lies coming from Trump and his allies.  We can't let misinformation shout more loudly than the truth.

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NEW!  We've updated our website, and now -- in addition to checking out my books and the amazing art by my wife, Carol Bloomgarden, you can also buy some really cool Skeptophilia-themed gear!  Just go to the website and click on the link at the bottom, where you can support your favorite blog by ordering t-shirts, hoodies, mugs, bumper stickers, and tote bags, all designed by Carol!

Take a look!  Plato would approve.


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Friday, January 10, 2025

Defanging the basilisk

The science fiction trope of a sentient AI turning on the humans, either through some sort of misguided interpretation of its own programming or from a simple desire for self-preservation, has a long history.  I first ran into it while watching the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which featured the creepily calm-voiced computer HAL-9000 methodically killing the crew one after another.  But the iteration of this idea that I found the most chilling, at least at the time, was an episode of The X Files called "Ghost in the Machine."

The story -- which, admittedly, seemed pretty dated on recent rewatch -- featured an artificial intelligence system that had been built to run an entire office complex, controlling everything from the temperature and air humidity to the coordination of the departments housed therein.  Running the system, however, was expensive, and when the CEO of the business talks to the system's designer and technical consultant and recommends shutting it down, the AI overhears the conversation, and its instinct to save its own life kicks in.

Exit one CEO.


The fear of an AI we create suddenly deciding that we're antithetical to its existence -- or, perhaps, just superfluous -- has caused a lot of people to demand we put the brakes on AI development.  Predictably, the response of the techbros has been, "Ha ha ha ha ha fuck you."  Myself, I'm not worried about an AI turning on me and killing me; much more pressing is the fact that the current generative AI systems are being trained on art, writing, and music stolen from actual human creators, so developing (or even using) them is an enormous slap in the face to those of us who are real, hard-working flesh-and-blood creative types.  The result is that a lot of artists, writers, and musicians (and their supporters) have objected, loudly, to the practice.

Predictably, the response of the techbros has been, "Ha ha ha ha ha fuck you."

We're nowhere near a truly sentient AI, so fears of some computer system taking a sudden dislike to you and flooding your bathroom then shorting out the wiring so you get electrocuted (which, I shit you not, is what happened to the CEO in "Ghost in the Machine") are, to put it mildly, overblown.  We have more pressing concerns at the moment, such as how the United States ended up electing a demented lunatic who campaigned on lowering grocery prices but now, two months later, says to hell with grocery prices, let's annex Canada and invade Greenland.

But when things are uncertain, and bad news abounds, for some reason this often impels people to cast about for other things to feel even more scared about.  Which is why all of a sudden I'm seeing a resurgence of interest in something I first ran into ten or so years ago -- Roko's basilisk.

Roko's basilisk is named after a guy who went by the handle Roko on the forum LessWrong, and the "basilisk," a mythical creature who could kill you at a glance.  The gist is that a superpowerful sentient AI in the future would, knowing its own past, have an awareness of all the people who had actively worked against its creation (as well as the people like me who just think the whole idea is absurd).  It would then resent those folks so much that it'd create a virtual reality simulation in which it would recreate our (current) world and torture all of the people on the list.

This, according to various YouTube videos and websites, is "the most terrifying idea anyone has ever created," because just telling someone about it means that now the person knows they should be helping to create the basilisk, and if they don't, that automatically adds them to the shit list.

Now that you've read this post, that means y'all, dear readers.  Sorry about that.

Before you freak out, though, let me go through a few reasons why you probably shouldn't.

First, notice that the idea isn't that the basilisk will reach back in time and torture the actual me; it's going to create a simulation that includes me, and torture me there.  To which I respond: knock yourself out.  This threat carries about as much weight as if I said I was going to write you into my next novel and then kill your character.  Doing this might mean I have some unresolved anger issues to work on, but it isn't anything you should be losing sleep over yourself.

Second, why would a superpowerful AI care enough about a bunch of people who didn't help build it in the past -- many of whom would probably be long dead and gone by that time -- to go to all this trouble?  It seems like it'd have far better things to expend its energy and resources on, like figuring out newer and better ways to steal the work of creative human beings without getting caught.

Third, the whole "better help build the basilisk or else" argument really is just a souped-up, high-tech version of Pascal's Wager, isn't it?  "Better to believe in God and be wrong than not believe in God and be wrong."  The problem with Pascal's Wager -- and the basilisk as well -- is the whole "which God?" objection.  After all it's not a dichotomy, but a polychotomy.  (Yes, I just made that word up.  No, I don't care). You could help build the basilisk or not, as you choose -- and the basilisk itself might end up malfunctioning, being benevolent, deciding the cost-benefit analysis of torturing you for all eternity wasn't working out in its favor, or its simply not giving a flying rat's ass who helped and who didn't.  In any of those cases, all the worry would have been for nothing.

Fourth, if this is the most terrifying idea you've ever heard of, either you have a low threshold for being scared, or else you need to read better scary fiction.  I could recommend a few titles.

On the other hand, there's always the possibility that we are already in a simulation, something I dealt with in a post a couple of years ago.  The argument is that if it's possible to simulate a universe (or at least the part of it we have access to), then within that simulation there will be sentient (simulated) beings who will go on to create their own simulations, and so on ad infinitum.  Nick Bostrom (of the University of Oxford) and David Kipping (of Columbia University) look at it statistically; if there is a multiverse of nested simulations, what's the chance of this one -- the one you, I, and unfortunately, Donald Trump belong to -- being the "base universe," the real reality that all the others sprang from?  Bostrom and Kipping say "nearly zero;" just considering that there's only one base universe, and an unlimited number of simulations, means the chances are we're in one of the simulations.

But.  This all rests on the initial conditional -- if it's possible to simulate a universe.  The processing power this would take is ginormous, and every simulation within that simulation adds exponentially to its ginormosity.  (Yes, I just made that word up.  No, I don't care.)  So, once again, I'm not particularly concerned that the aliens in the real reality will say "Computer, end program" and I'll vanish in a glittering flurry of ones and zeroes.  (At least I hope they'd glitter.  Being queer has to count for something, even in a simulation.)

On yet another hand (I've got three hands), maybe the whole basilisk thing is true, and this is why I've had such a run of ridiculously bad luck lately.  Just in the last six months, the entire heating system of our house conked out, as did my wife's van (that she absolutely has to have for art shows); our puppy needed $1,700 of veterinary care (don't worry, he's fine now); our homeowner's insurance company informed us out of the blue that if we don't replace our roof, they're going to cancel our policy; we had a tree fall down in a windstorm and take out a large section of our fence; and my laptop has been dying by inches.

So if all of this is the basilisk's doing, then... well, I guess there's nothing I can do about it, since I'm already on the Bad Guys Who Hate AI list.  In that case, I guess I'm not making it any worse by stating publicly that the basilisk can go to hell.

But if it has an ounce of compassion, can it please look past my own personal transgressions and do something about Elon Musk?  Because in any conceivable universe, fuck that guy.

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NEW!  We've updated our website, and now -- in addition to checking out my books and the amazing art by my wife, Carol Bloomgarden, you can also buy some really cool Skeptophilia-themed gear!  Just go to the website and click on the link at the bottom, where you can support your favorite blog by ordering t-shirts, hoodies, mugs, bumper stickers, and tote bags, all designed by Carol!

Take a look!  Plato would approve.


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Thursday, January 9, 2025

Guest post from Andrew Butters: Devil's in the details

Before we start, what are your thoughts on calling certain people Overzealous Grammar Reporting Enthusiasts instead of Grammar Na*is?  OGREs.  I think this works.  Hereinafter, that is how I will refer to them. With that out of the way, let’s get on with it.

***

I read just about everything Gordon Bonnet writes.  I read his blog, Skeptophilia, daily (well, six days a week.  He takes Sundays off.  He was also kind enough to crosspost this for me today).  Occasionally, I’ll find a typo.  When I do, I shoot him a message pointing it out, and he thanks me and then fixes it (though sometimes he fixes it and then thanks me.  Potato potato).  My response is the same when he does the same for my writing here or on Facebook.

Tyops happen.  It's not an automatic sign that the writer was negligent.  It's not irrefutable proof that self-published authors are "lesser" when compared with traditionally published ones.  I’ve seen typos in Stephen King's books and from highly respected AP journalists.  Here’s a great example of a traditional publisher thinking that global search and replace was a good idea:


Readers who come across them vary.  Some ignore them and move on.  I typically ignore them, but if I were to find a shit-tonne, I'd stop reading and send the author or publisher a private message.  No need to make a scene.  That's me, though.  Some people latch onto them as if the fate of the literary world hangs in the balance (OGREs).  Take this example:


Now, I’m told that their book was reinstated after an outpouring of support from readers, but the fact that it happened should serve as a cautionary tale.  I scooped this screenshot from someone on Facebook, and one of the comments read (in part):
“You do your job poorly, there are consequences.  That’s how it works.  And no, if there is a typo in my book I AM telling Amazon because I want my money back.”
—Some OGRE on Facebook
It took all my willpower not to point out that Grammarly suggested not one but two corrections to his comment.  At any rate, I don't blame others for piping up if the typos are rampant.  The thing is, in my experience, books like that are rare.  I've read many books from established big names to first-time self-published authors and have yet to encounter one with enough errors to raise an eyebrow.  No, the plural of anecdote isn't data, but you get my point.  Sometimes shit happens.  Welcome to being human.  Unfortunately, not everyone sees it that way.


What follows is a true story.

I wrote Near Death By A Thousand Cuts over about a month, sometime in November 2022.  After writing, I let it sit for about a week.  Then, I started editing.  These were all personal anecdotes, so I didn't approach it like I would fiction.  The language was informal, and there was more swearing.

I made three passes of editing before sending it to my actual editor, who, in this case, happened to be Gordon (a great writer in his own right and a former teacher with an MA in linguistics).  I made the changes he recommended, adding a few more.

Then, I had seven beta readers go through it (reading critically, not just for fun), and THEY found errors.

Then, my mom (a former teacher) read it and found some stuff.

Then, I read the proofcopy and found more things.

Then, upon receiving what was supposed to be the final version to upload to KDP, I got a message from my layout designer.  SHE found a typo.

Like, holy shit.  Even after all the people and all the times this book was read, there was still a missing letter ("a" should have been "an").

Then, I recorded the audiobook, and guess what? I found MORE mistakes.

All that to say, editing is hard.

I have a good mind to send a link for Near Death to the OGRE from the quote above, with their high standards, and ask them to have a go at it.  I’d even refund them their money, forgoing my royalty and Amazon’s cut.

If you find a typo in my book Known Order Girls, I’ll mail you a bookplate (normally $5).  I extended this offer on Facebook, and someone took me up on it!  They were very kind, and I appreciate their eagle eyes catching something that made it through the editing gauntlet.

There will always be some asshole typo, waiting, lurking, biding its time, and making itself known only to that one reader who will fixate on it and leave a bad review as a result.

As Vonnegut probably wrote, "So ti goes."

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Wednesday, January 8, 2025

Hands, skulls, and colours

In H. P. Lovecraft's terrifying and atmospheric 1927 short story "The Colour Out of Space," a meteorite strikes near a farmhouse in a rural area "west of Arkham," the fictional town in Massachusetts that is the setting of many of his stories.

The farm's owner, Nahum Gardner, and many others witness its fall; a "white noontide cloud... [a] string of explosions in the air, and [a] pillar of smoke from the valley."  Nahum, being closest, goes to investigate:

By night all Arkham had heard of the great rock that fell out of the sky and bedded itself in the ground beside the well at the Nahum Gardner place...  Nahum had come to town to tell people about the stone...  He and his wife went with three professors from Miskatonic University who hastened out the next morning to see the weird visitor from unknown stellar space, and wondered why Nahum had called it so large the day before.  It had shrunk, Nahum said as he pointed out the big brownish mound above the ripped earth and charred grass near the archaic well-sweep in his front yard; but the wise men answered that stones do not shrink.  Its heat lingered persistently, and Nahum declared it had glowed faintly in the night.  The professors tried it with a geologist's hammer and found it was oddly soft.  It was, in truth, so soft as to be almost plastic; and they gouged rather than chipped a specimen to take back to the college for testing.  They took it in an old pail borrowed from Nahum's kitchen, for even the small piece refused to grow cool...

The day after that... the professors had trooped out again in great excitement...  [T]he specimen... had faded wholly away when they put it in a glass beaker.  The beaker had gone as well, and the men talked about the strange stone's affinity for silicon.  It had acted quite unbelievably in that well-ordered laboratory; doing nothing at all and showing no occluded gases when heated on charcoal... and soon proving itself absolutely non-volatile at any producible temperature, including that of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe.  On an anvil it appeared highly malleable, and in the dark its luminosity was very marked.  Stubbornly refusing to grow cool... upon heating before the spectroscope it displayed shining bands unlike any known colours of the normal spectrum.

Eventually, the entire meteorite -- both the samples the scientists took, and the much larger piece in Nahum Gardner's yard -- evaporate away completely.  Well, not completely, because it's Lovecraft, after all; it left behind a miasma -- dare I say, an eldritch miasma -- that proceeds to poison the well, the soil of the farm, and the entire Gardner family.  The result is the crops, domestic animals, Nahum and his wife and three children, and finally the homestead itself quite literally falling apart, crumbling into a gray dust that "the wind does not seem to affect."  At the end of the story, the narrator describes the reason he found out about the affair -- he is an engineer hired by the state of Massachusetts to scope out a proposed site for a dam and a reservoir, which would flood "the blasted, withered heath that is all that is left of the old Gardner place" and the surrounding land.  "I shall be glad to see the water come," he says.  "I hope the water will always be very deep -- but even so, I shall never drink it."

*shudder*

The story is quite different from Lovecraft's usual fare of cults and Elder Gods and idols of the Great Cthulhu and so on, and you have to wonder what inspired it.  One thing is pretty likely to be the construction of the Scituate Reservoir in Rhode Island in 1925, near his native Providence, and the much-publicized plans for the Quabbin Reservoir in Massachusetts; but I wonder if he also got the idea from a pair of wild tales that had been all over the news not long before.

The first occurred in 1916 near Bargaintown, New Jersey, where a farmer named Henry Prantl reported something very much like what Nahum Gardner saw in Lovecraft's story -- a white light streaking across the sky, followed by the boom of an impact.  Rushing out to investigate, Henry and his son John found a "writhing piece of mystic material"...

... shaped like a charred human hand.

Poor scientists.  Even back then, every new thing that happened left them "baffled."  You have to wonder how they ever manage to do any science at all, given how much time they spend scratching their heads.  [Image is in the Public Domain]

It was at first too hot to touch, but once it cooled, they were able to examine it.  We find out it was "made of no known material," and was "abnormally light for its size."  At first reluctant to part with it, the Prantls realized what money could be made from such an oddity, and leased it to an amusement park in Atlantic City where it was displayed for several years.  Somewhere along the way it was lost, and the Prantls found their temporary fame and dreams of wealth evaporating as quickly as Nahum Gardner's mysterious meteorite.

Not to be outdone, a gem miner in northern California claimed ten years later that he witnessed another meteorite fall, and this one was even better than a flaming hand; it was a flaming skull.  This is only a year before Lovecraft wrote "The Colour Out of Space," and like the first meteorite, it was all over the news, largely because of the indefatigable efforts by its discoverer, Charles E. Grant, to make sure it got into the headlines and stayed there.  Grant said he'd been told about the fall by a "reputable and well-to-do man," and they went out to retrieve the object.  He wouldn't let anyone see it, but sent a photograph to a reporter named Ben Cline, who dutifully wrote a story about it, ending with the wry comment, "[it has] the shape of a human skull, with depressions suggesting facial organs.  The writer's first-hand knowledge of races inhabiting planets other than Mother Earth is limited, and he hesitates, therefore, from the picture, definitely to place the Butte County visitor in the nebular scheme of things."

It didn't take long for people to connect the New Jersey story to the California one, and suggest that the hand and the skull had come from the same body.  If so, it was a little mysterious (1) why one had fallen ten years before the other, (2) how the unfortunate individual got up there in the first place, and (3) why he was coming down in chunks.

Maybe he had the Nahum Gardner falling-to-pieces syndrome, or something.

In any case, people started frantically looking around to find out if other charred body parts had come crashing to Earth, so they could cash in on the notoriety, but no such luck.  What with the hand getting lost right around the same time, and Grant refusing to show anyone the actual skull -- leading many to surmise that he made the whole thing up -- the only result was a flurry of interest in meteorites and, perhaps, Lovecraft's story.

Myself, I wonder if the "hand" was actually a fulgurite -- a long, branching tube of vitrified and fused soil, sand, and debris left behind when lightning strikes the ground.  Some of these things have a remarkably organic look, and the ones I've seen have a striking resemblance to the Prantl photograph.  This would also explain why it was "abnormally light for its size."  As far as Grant's flaming skull goes -- well, like I've said many times before, if you expect me to believe something, show me the goods or else bugger off.  If there was a meteorite at all -- i.e., if the photograph itself wasn't a fake -- its resemblance to a skull is very likely to be nothing more than a combination of pareidolia and Grant jumping up and down shouting, "It looks like a skull, doesn't it?  Doesn't it?"

So that's today's tidbit of historical weirdness.  Meteoritic body parts and one of Lovecraft's best stories.  I'm happy to report that neither the Scituate nor the Quabbin Reservoir seem to have poisoned anyone, and that I haven't heard any reports out of southern New Jersey or northern California suggesting anybody out there had any difficulties with "colours."

Just as well.  What happened to the Gardner family was nasty.  I wouldn't even wish that on Elon Musk, and that's saying something.

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Tuesday, January 7, 2025

Off kilter

I got an interesting email a few days ago, which I quote (with permission):

I keep running into references to places called "gravity hills" or "magnetic hills" where supposedly some force plays hell with your sense of what's up and what's down.  Trees and walls appear to lean, it's hard to stand up right, stuff like that.  But people say it's more than an illusion, because cars put in neutral at the bottom of an incline roll uphill, and balls placed on what appear to be level surfaces start to roll.

I can't come up with any way any of this could be real, but there are a lot of claims, so it's kind of the "can they all be false?" thing.  What do you know about this, and has it been explained scientifically?  Or is there really something paranormal going on?

I've heard about this phenomenon for years myself, and saying "there are a lot of claims" is a bit of an understatement.  In fact, Wikipedia has a list of reports of such "mystery hills" everywhere from Azerbaijan to Uruguay, and they all kind of have the same characteristics -- that the laws of gravity don't seem to apply, or that there's a strange "magnetic force" pulling stuff (including your proprioception) off kilter.

Let's clear one thing up from the get-go, though; if there is anything going on here, it has nothing to do with magnetism, because our sense of balance is controlled by the semicircular canals, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that use the movement of the liquid under the pull of gravity as a way of communicating to your brain "that direction is down."  Messing with this will make you dizzy and/or nauseated, which is why people get motion sickness; the apparent forces caused by spinning around on a carnival ride cause the fluid to slosh about, sending mixed signals to the brain and making some people violently ill.  (Why certain people seem to be more or less immune to motion sickness, and others get nauseated walking across the room, is unknown.)

So even if there was some mysterious "magnetism" at work here, it wouldn't affect your sense of balance unless your inner ears were made of cast iron.

But let's get down to specifics.  Here's how one of the most famous "mystery hills," the "Oregon Vortex," is described in John Godwin's book This Baffling World:

Situated thirty miles from Grant's Pass, the vortex -- which measures roughly 125 feet in diameter -- constitutes, according to its promoters, an electromagnetic phenomenon.

Within the "Oregon Vortex" there stands a hut, dubbed "The House of Mystery."  Its owner, John Lister, says, "Nowever in the area does the visitor stand upright.  Inevitably one assumes a posture that inclines toward magnetic north, beginning with a minimum of divergence from normal at the edge of the area, and increasing to an acute angle as "The House of Mystery" is entered.  So gradually is this latter stage reached that visitors seldom realize the phenomenon until the seemingly impossible posture of the guide or their friends brings a realization of their own tilting."

Suspended from the roof of "The House of Mystery" hangs a heavy steel ball, but that ball presumably doesn't hang straight down.  It would seem to lean inward, pulled toward the center of the hut by some weird gravitational shift.  It is claimed that a person who enters the hut will feel the odd pull quite distinctly; it is further alleged that the power which is exerted will force one to lean over at a ten-degree angle.  Viewers have alleged that a rubber ball, placed on the floor here, will roll uphill.

Another famous one is Magnetic Hill, near Moncton, New Brunswick, where a landmark (a light-colored telephone pole) appears to be the lowest point in the road when viewed from one direction, and the highest when viewed from the other.

[Image licensed under the Creative Commons Jim101, Magnetic Hill Moncton Front, CC BY-SA 3.0]

And of course, these stories are always accompanied with claims of other sorts of paranormal occurrences -- UFOs, ghosts, "skinwalkers," and the like -- and, in the United States at least, the inevitable stories about how the Indigenous people thought the place was cursed or haunted or a sacred burial ground or whatnot.

Now, to address the question -- is there anything to this?

Simple answer: no.

It turns out that humans are remarkably bad at piecing together visual cues with the information we get from our semicircular canals and coming up with a coherent picture of what the space around us is doing.  All it takes is a little messing about with the information we're receiving, and it befuddles us completely.

Take, for example, the following rather simple drawing:

[Image licensed under the Creative Commons Fibonacci, Zöllner illusion, CC BY-SA 3.0]

The diagonal lines running from the upper left to the lower right are all parallel, despite the fact that (1) they don't look it, and (2) even when you know what's going on and have proven it to yourself with a ruler, they still don't look it.  This is called the Zöllner Illusion, named after its discoverer, the astrophysicist Johann Karl Friederich Zöllner, and is a good indication that our ability to orient visually is not all it's cracked up to be.  (This is why the first thing pilots-in-training are taught is, "trust your instruments, not your senses.")

The "gravity hill" phenomenon is actually nothing more than an optical illusion as well, created by tilted surfaces that appear to be flat (or vice-versa) because the horizon is obscured, landmarks themselves are at an angle, or something is causing the eyes to misperceive the angle of inclination.  The whole thing was the subject of an extensive investigation that resulted in a paper in the journal Psychological Science, which concluded that the phenomenon is the result of a place's odd spatial layout combined with our faulty sensory-perceptive equipment.

So there's no alteration in the pull of gravity in these spots, or a mysterious electromagnetic anomaly, or a Great Disturbance in the Force, or whatever.  I'm not saying they're not fun; optical illusions are endlessly fascinating to me, but it's from the perspective of "wow, our brains are super easy to fool," not because of anything paranormal going on.

Anyhow, thanks to the reader who sent the question.  I always appreciate inquiries.  My opinion is that all of science starts from a desire to go from "We don't know" to "That's curious" to "Let's find out how it works."  

And even if in this case, the answer turns out to be less exciting than a rip in the space-time continuum, it's still pretty interesting.

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