And when you tie in powerful emotions to these blind spots, people become so immovable in their convictions that trying to change their minds is damn near impossible.
One rather unexpected case of such a blind spot surfaces periodically on a listserv I belong to. As some of you may know, I'm a rather rabid birder, and have been known to stand in the freezing cold for hours or trek through a leech-infested steam bath of a southeast Asian jungle just in order to see birds I've never seen before. So I belong to a listserv called "BirdChat," so I can connect with other similarly-obsessed and dubiously-sane people around the world. And every once in a while, someone will bring up the topic of...
... cats.
When you bring up cats -- more specifically, outdoor cats -- you immediately sort the birding world into two groups. The first has a mortal hatred of outdoor cats, and considers their toll on bird populations to be ridiculously high. The second, which consists almost entirely of people who own cats that are allowed outdoors, dismisses those contentions as nonsense.
[image courtesy of Mark Marek Photography and the Wikimedia Commons]
And the battle escalates quickly. Usually someone brings up the Stephen's Island Wren, a little flightless bird that lived only on one island near New Zealand, and which was exterminated by the islanders' pet cats. Someone else will counter that we're not talking about small islands, here, that allowing Mr. Fluffums to catch a sparrow or two every once in a while is just allowing him to express his natural hunting instincts, and isn't hurting anything. Some hothead will then propose turning loose coyotes near Mr. Fluffums' stomping grounds, and seeing how his owners will feel about "natural hunting instincts" then. Tempers rise, unsourced facts and statistics are thrown around, and no one gives an inch. Usually a moderator will have to step in and say, "You people need to stop this right now," and everyone will return, grumbling, to their respective corners, until the next time the subject comes up.
So at the risk of setting off a firestorm here, how 'bout we look at an actual peer-reviewed study regarding the subject? Can it be true that outdoor cats are a problem, or are we looking at people who take bird conservation way, way too seriously?
Scott Loss, Tom Will, and Peter Marra wrote an article for Nature about two years ago that settles the issue, fact-wise, once and for all. Called "The Impact of Free-Ranging Cats on Wildlife in the United States," it describes a "systematic review and [quantitative] estimate [of] mortality caused by cats," and came up with the following staggering statistics:
In fact, more than all of those put together.
About the study, Dr. George Fenwick, president of the American Bird Conservancy, said:
The reason I bring all of this up is a conversation I had a couple of days ago with someone who was troubled because she has a bird feeder, and also an outdoor cat. So she is, in effect, luring in birds so the cat can kill them. Is there anything, she asked, that she can do to keep the cat from killing the birds in her yard?
I said, "Keep the cat indoors."
She looked dubious. "But... I don't want to do that."
I gave her an incredulous look. "Then you shouldn't have a bird feeder."
"I don't want to do that, either. I like the birds."
"Then keep the damn cat indoors."
Having seen the firestorms that have erupted on the BirdChat listserv, I let the topic drop. Because when you tie in biases and preconceived notions with the emotions -- especially about something as emotionally-laden as pet ownership -- things can escalate really quickly.
The data is out there. Let me reiterate: outdoor cats are the single worst cause of bird mortality in the United States (and, I believe, in Great Britain as well). So if you care about wildlife, the only responsible thing to do is to keep your cats inside.
But I have to wonder how many minds this will change. On topics like this, it's far easier to frown, say, "Oh, but this can't really be about my cat," and go on doing what you've done before. I hope I'm wrong, mind you, because this is one topic on which the jury has weighed in, and the verdict is unarguable.
But as we've seen all too many times before, changing people's minds when they've already decided what they believe is often a losing battle. Sometimes the attitude is "evidence be damned, I'll do what I like."
We estimate that free-ranging domestic cats kill 1.4–3.7 billion birds and 6.9–20.7 billion mammals annually... Our findings suggest that free-ranging cats cause substantially greater wildlife mortality than previously thought and are likely the single greatest source of anthropogenic mortality for US birds and mammals.That's "billion" with a "b," folks. And focus especially on the last sentence; cats are the single greatest source of anthropogenic mortality for American birds. More than legal and illegal hunting; more than pesticides; more than collisions with automobiles, wind turbines, and airplanes.
In fact, more than all of those put together.
About the study, Dr. George Fenwick, president of the American Bird Conservancy, said:
The very high credibility of this study should finally put to rest the misguided notions that outdoor cats represent some harmless, new component to the natural environment. The carnage that outdoor cats inflict is staggering and can no longer be ignored or dismissed. This is a wake-up call for cat owners and communities to get serious about this problem before even more ecological damage occurs.Pretty unequivocal, you'd think. But the response from cat owners has largely been: silence.
The reason I bring all of this up is a conversation I had a couple of days ago with someone who was troubled because she has a bird feeder, and also an outdoor cat. So she is, in effect, luring in birds so the cat can kill them. Is there anything, she asked, that she can do to keep the cat from killing the birds in her yard?
I said, "Keep the cat indoors."
She looked dubious. "But... I don't want to do that."
I gave her an incredulous look. "Then you shouldn't have a bird feeder."
"I don't want to do that, either. I like the birds."
"Then keep the damn cat indoors."
Having seen the firestorms that have erupted on the BirdChat listserv, I let the topic drop. Because when you tie in biases and preconceived notions with the emotions -- especially about something as emotionally-laden as pet ownership -- things can escalate really quickly.
The data is out there. Let me reiterate: outdoor cats are the single worst cause of bird mortality in the United States (and, I believe, in Great Britain as well). So if you care about wildlife, the only responsible thing to do is to keep your cats inside.
But I have to wonder how many minds this will change. On topics like this, it's far easier to frown, say, "Oh, but this can't really be about my cat," and go on doing what you've done before. I hope I'm wrong, mind you, because this is one topic on which the jury has weighed in, and the verdict is unarguable.
But as we've seen all too many times before, changing people's minds when they've already decided what they believe is often a losing battle. Sometimes the attitude is "evidence be damned, I'll do what I like."
Okay, I'm not a cat owner, and I'm not a birder, so I don't have a dog in this fight (to throw in an additional unnecessary animal). I notice an important point you left out. These numbers include both pets and unowned cats. There seems to be quite a range in the estimates, but the paper guesses the former comprises only about a third of the problem. When people are trying to decide whether to let their cats roam, that's the relevant figure. Even if everyone kept their cats inside, most of the damage would still occur. If you really want to save the birds, focus on spaying and neutering the wild ones -- or just shooting them, I suppose, depending how strongly you feel about the bird thing.
ReplyDeleteAnd, if you present a range of possible values to someone with a strongly held belief, they will of course decide the real number is at the end of the range that best supports that belief. If you want to convince people to keep their cats indoors, show them the numbers for typical life span of indoor vs. outdoor cats. Then show them pictures of houses with catwalks and tunnels. And give them a gift card for a DIY store, to get them started.
As a cat person, and a dog person, and a birder, I say, let the coyotes out. And don't put bird feeders where cats (if you know you have them) can find shelter from which to stalk.
ReplyDeleteIf you live on a tiny island that is the only habitat to a little wild thing, you have a special situation and can justify special measures.
Keep alert, out there.
Second thought: in order to put the info provided in context, how many birds and mammals are out there in the ole US of A, anyway?
ReplyDeleteWe are also dealing with another factor, beyond bias: Convenience.
ReplyDeleteEven when presented with this information, a cat owner may still choose to let their cat out because it's more convenient to let the local area keep their cat entertained... less poop in the litter box, bird snacks cut down on the cost of cat food, etc.
To take it a step further, I think convenience may be the greatest contributing factor to this issue... and getting someone who already owns cats because they are a convenient pet (be honest, people) to accept a greater level of involvement that an indoor cat would require... is a tough sell.