Skeptophilia (skep-to-fil-i-a) (n.) - the love of logical thought, skepticism, and thinking critically. Being an exploration of the applications of skeptical thinking to the world at large, with periodic excursions into linguistics, music, politics, cryptozoology, and why people keep seeing the face of Jesus on grilled cheese sandwiches.
Showing posts with label free will. Show all posts
Showing posts with label free will. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 24, 2025

The problem of choice

I was telling a friend about my current novel work-in-progress, Nightingale, a couple of days ago, and he asked me an interesting question: to what extent is the main character... me?

On the surface, it seems like there's very little in common.  Simon de Montbard is the scion of minor French nobility in the thirteenth century, and gets himself involved in political intrigue that takes him to the king's court in Paris, then to Scotland, and finally to the Holy Land.  He was crippled as an infant by polio, with the result of partial one-sided facial paralysis and a stunted right leg.  His physical deficits result in his being continually misjudged and devalued; this was a culture where deformities of any kind were considered to be God's punishment for some kind of sin, and always to go along with mental and spiritual defects.  He has to prove himself, again and again, to every new person he meets.

Montbard, France, where Simon grew up [Image is licensed under the Creative Commons Benjamin Smith, Montbard - Brenne - 2, CC BY-SA 4.0]

But internally -- yeah, there's a lot of similarity.  Simon's struggles have made him hesitant, slow to trust, taciturn.  But despite his reluctance to engage, there's a deep yearning for more from life than what he thought he'd have -- managing the family estate, leading a life of idleness and the privileges of being comfortably wealthy during a time when the vast majority of people never had enough to eat.  Because of that drive, he is impelled to take chances, almost despite himself.  Some work out well; he finds deep and abiding love in a very unexpected person.  Others -- not so much.  People he trusted take advantage of him, eventually cornering him into a situation where he has no choice but to kill someone, an event that overshadows the entire rest of his life.  All along the way, he questions whether he's made the right choices -- or, indeed, if he even could have chosen differently.

And throughout, he receives guidance from Procellus, the mysterious, quasi-angelic figure whom no one else but Simon seems to be able to see or hear.  Is he a figment of Simon's imagination, an internal guide made external -- or something more real?  In the ship on the way to the Holy Land, they have the following conversation:

“What awaits us in the Holy Land?” I asked Procellus.

“You know I cannot tell you that.”  A faint smile touched his lips, but his expression still held sadness.

“But you know.”

He shrugged.  “I know some. Other things—well, as I said, it is still up to you.  Your whole path until this very moment, every step of the way, you might have chosen differently, and the trajectory of your life would have had a very different shape.  I’ve never forced you to do anything.  It’s always been your choice.”

“It feels like fate.”

“That’s only because you’re seeing it from the perspective of right now.  From that vantage point each step you take shapes the next one, but the destination lies in deep shadow.  But it is the way of all humans, is it not?  So do not worry yourself overmuch about the possibility of getting to the end of your life and finding you did not choose perfectly every time.  If you can lie down on that last day and smile, and say, ‘I did well enough with what I knew at the time, and things worked out as they should have’ you will be far ahead of most.”

“But even so, Procellus—people will still harm each other and deceive each other and… die.”

I almost couldn’t choke out the final word.

“Yes.”

“No matter what I do.”

“Yes.  But don’t take that to mean you don’t make a difference.  Each person’s choices create what is.  There is no such thing as an insignificant choice.”

It's something I've wrestled with all my life.  What would my life have been if I'd made different choices?  What I've many times called "the worst decision I ever made" -- to live at home while I went to college, instead of venturing out and going somewhere out-of-state, a decision made purely out of fear of the unknown -- would have led to my not meeting people who have been friends ever since.  I would never have met my first wife, so my two sons wouldn't have been born.  I'd never have moved to Seattle, and might not have ended up in a 32-year career of teaching in which I touched hundreds of lives. 

Or, what if I'd come out as queer when I knew it -- age seventeen -- rather than staying in the closet until I was 54?  I could have lived life more authentically, and avoided years of fear and shame.  But -- this would have been in the 1970s in a very religious, conservative part of the country.  And I was in my early twenties at the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, when testing positive was still pretty much a death sentence.  I can easily imagine myself being one of those first victims.

Everything is contingent.

Or maybe -- nothing is.  Is it the way Procellus describes it, that we could all along have made different choices?  Or that choices only seem like choices with the benefit of hindsight, and we truly did the only things we could have done given who we were, and what the circumstances were, at the time? 

This gets into the whole issue of free will versus determinism, which has been debated endlessly and upon which I am dramatically unqualified to weigh in.  Interestingly, just a couple of days ago, physicist Sabine Hossenfelder commented on a paper alleging to show that quantum physics precludes the possibility of free will.  The claim hinges on the no-cloning theorem of quantum physics, which seems to forbid our making high-fidelity models of reality in our own minds, rendering us incapable of representing choices well enough to made decisions.  She was dubious that the argument holds water, and like her, I seriously doubt this will settle the matter to anyone's satisfaction.

So, like Simon, I'm stuck endlessly questioning my decisions, and wondering if I chose right, or if I even could have chosen any differently.

Anyhow, in answer to my friend's question; yeah, I guess Simon de Montbard is a lot like me, if not in the circumstantial characteristics, in the deeper, internal ones.  Maybe we authors do this all the time, though -- writing out our own victories and tragedies, joys and sorrows, through our characters.  Writing as therapy, in the hopes that others who have been through similar situations will find it as therapeutic to read.

And -- back to work on Nightingale.  I'm three-quarters of the way through, but Simon still has a long voyage yet to take.  I hope to finish it early in 2026; we'll see how it goes.  It's been an interesting story to tell, featuring a few pivotal points in history, including the beginning of the Scottish Civil War, the Siege of Acre, and the collapse of the Templars.  But I hope that when it's done, it'll be the characters who stay with you.  They seem so real to me it's almost like I know them, as if I'm witnessing what real people are doing and simply writing it down.  A story I am somehow compelled to tell, and about which I have little agency to change.

Whether that sense of compulsion is itself an illusion is beyond my ability to parse.

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Saturday, October 6, 2018

The seat of free will

The subject of whether or not humans have free will has been debated ad nauseam for centuries by much wiser heads than my own.  I'm up front about being a generalist (the type of person whose knowledge has been described less flatteringly as "a light year across and an inch deep"), and although there are a few areas I have some small degree of expertise in, philosophy ain't one of them.

So I'm unqualified to discuss whether free will actually exists, but I was still pretty intrigued when I read a paper a few days ago about some neuroscientists who have found the brain regions where activity gives us the sense of having free will.

[Image is in the Public Domain]

The researchers, R. Ryan Darby (of Vanderbilt University), and Juho Joutsa, Matthew J. Burke, and Michael D. Fox (of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, the teaching hospital for Harvard University), looked at people with brain lesions that seemed to interfere with volition.  They investigated two different odd neurological disorders stemming from lesions -- akinetic mutism (which causes people to move their own limbs to accomplish actions without being conscious of it) and alien limb syndrome (in which one or more limbs seems to be under someone else's control).

The authors write:
Our perception of free will is composed of a desire to act (volition) and a sense of responsibility for our actions (agency).  Brain damage can disrupt these processes, but which regions are most important for free will perception remains unclear.  Here, we study focal brain lesions that disrupt volition, causing akinetic mutism (n = 28), or disrupt agency, causing alien limb syndrome (n = 50), to better localize these processes in the human brain.  Lesion locations causing either syndrome were highly heterogeneous, occurring in a variety of different brain locations. 
The scientists reasoned that despite the lesions not seeming to form a pattern of any kind, there had to be some commonality given the similar symptoms of the lesion sufferers.  And they found it:
We next used a recently validated technique termed lesion network mapping to determine whether these heterogeneous lesion locations localized to specific brain networks.  Lesion locations causing akinetic mutism all fell within one network, defined by connectivity to the anterior cingulate cortex.  Lesion locations causing alien limb fell within a separate network, defined by connectivity to the precuneus.  Both findings were specific for these syndromes compared with brain lesions causing similar physical impairments but without disordered free will.  Finally, our lesion-based localization matched network localization for brain stimulation locations that disrupt free will and neuroimaging abnormalities in patients with psychiatric disorders of free will without overt brain lesions.  Collectively, our results demonstrate that lesions in different locations causing disordered volition and agency localize to unique brain networks, lending insight into the neuroanatomical substrate of free will perception.
The final piece came into place when they looked at cases where people who had strange (temporary) side effects from targeted magnetic fields "knocking offline" certain brain regions -- and found that the ones who had akinetic mutism-like symptoms lost activity in brain networks connected to the anterior cingulate cortex, and those describing alien limb syndrome-like symptoms lost activity in ones connected to the precuneus.

What I find most interesting in all of this is how easily our sense of agency can be disrupted.  It seems to be one of our most basic sensations, that we are in control of what we think and do.  The idea that it's this easily altered is a little frightening, and once again brings home what I always tell my neuroscience students -- that in reality you just have one sense organ.  Your brain.  If you alter the electrical impulses coming into or out of your brain, that altered pattern becomes your reality -- even if it's completely at odds with the real world.

So the Darby et al. research doesn't even begin to settle the overall free will question, but it does give us a lens into why we feel like we have free will.  As for me, I think that's about as much philosophy as I can handle.  I'm gonna will myself to get up and get a second cup of coffee.

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This week's Skeptophilia book recommendation is a fun one -- Hugh Ross Williamson's Historical Enigmas.  Williamson takes some of the most baffling unsolved mysteries from British history -- the Princes in the Tower, the identity of Perkin Warbeck, the Man in the Iron Mask, the murder of Amy Robsart -- and applies the tools of logic and scholarship to an analysis of the primary documents, without descending into empty speculation.  The result is an engaging read about some of the most perplexing events that England ever saw.

[If you purchase the book from Amazon using the image/link below, part of the proceeds goes to supporting Skeptophilia!]