Those may sound like contradictions, but they really aren't. Science is a method that allows us to evaluate hard data -- measurements by devices that are designed to have no particular biases. By relying on measurements from machines, we are bypassing our faulty sensory equipment, which can lead us astray in all sorts of ways. In astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson's words, "[Our brains] are poor data-taking devices... that's why we have machines that don't care what side of the bed they woke up on that morning, that don't care what they said to their spouse that day, that don't care whether they had their morning caffeine. They'll get the data right regardless."
We still believe that we're seeing what's real, don't we? "I saw it with my own eyes" is still considered the sine qua non for establishing what reality is. Eyewitness testimony is still the strongest evidence in courts of law. Because how could it be otherwise? Maybe we miss minor things, but how could we get it so far wrong?
But as I wrote about two weeks ago, even our perception of something as simple as color is flawed, and is mostly a construct of the brain, not a function of what's really out there. We are ignoring as much as we perceive, making stuff up to bridge gaps, and in general, creating a montage of what's actually there, what your brain decides is important enough to pay attention to, and inferences to fill in the spaces in between.
If that's not bad enough, a scientist in Italy has knocked another gaping hole in our confidence that our brain can correctly interpret the sensory information it's given -- this time with an actual hammer.
Some of you may have heard of the "rubber hand illusion" that was created in an experiment back in 1998 by Matthew Botvinick and Jonathan Cohen. In this experiment, the two scientists placed a rubber hand in view of a person whose actual hand is shielded from view by a curtain. The rubber hand is stroked with a feather at the same time as the person's real (but out-of-sight) hand receives a similar stroke -- and within minutes, the person becomes strangely convinced that the rubber hand is his hand.
The Italian experiment, which I found out about in an article in Discover Online, substitutes an auditory stimulus for the visual one -- with an even more startling result.
Irene Senna, professor of psychology at Milono-Bicocca University in Milan, rigged up a similar scenario to Botvinick and Cohen's. A subject sits with one hand through a screen. On the back of the subject's hand is a small piece of foil which connects an electrical lead to a computer. The subject sees a hammer swinging toward her hand -- but the hammer stops just short of smashing her hand, and only touches the foil gently (but, of course, she can't see this). The touch of the hammer sends a signal to the computer -- which then produces a hammer-on-marble clink sound.
After repeating this only a few times, the subject feels absolutely convinced that her hand has turned to stone.
What is impressive about this illusion is that the feeling persists even after the experiment ends, and the screen is removed -- and even though the test subjects knew what was going on. Subjects felt afterwards as if their hands were cold, stiff, heavier, less sensitive. They reported difficulty bending their wrists.
To me, the coolest (and freakiest) thing about this is that our knowledge centers, the logical and rational prefrontal cortex and associated areas, are completely overcome by the sensory-processing centers when presented with this scenario. We can know something isn't real, and simultaneously cannot shake the brain's decision that it is real. None of the test subjects was crazy; they all knew that their hands weren't made of stone. But presented with sensory information that contradicted that knowledge, they couldn't help but come to the wrong conclusion.
And this once again illustrates why I trust science, and am suspicious of eyewitness reports of UFOs, Bigfoot, ghosts, and the like. Our brains are simply too easy to fool, especially when emotions (particularly fear) run high. We can be convinced that what we're seeing or hearing is the real deal, to the point that we are unwilling to admit the possibility of a different explanation.
But as Senna's elegant little experiment shows, we can't rely on what our senses tell us. Data from scientific measuring devices will always be better than pure sensory information. To quote Tyson again: "We think that the eyewitness testimony of an authority -- someone wearing a badge, or a pilot, or whatever -- is somehow better than the testimony of an average person. But no. I'm sorry... but it's all bad."
If that's not bad enough, a scientist in Italy has knocked another gaping hole in our confidence that our brain can correctly interpret the sensory information it's given -- this time with an actual hammer.
Some of you may have heard of the "rubber hand illusion" that was created in an experiment back in 1998 by Matthew Botvinick and Jonathan Cohen. In this experiment, the two scientists placed a rubber hand in view of a person whose actual hand is shielded from view by a curtain. The rubber hand is stroked with a feather at the same time as the person's real (but out-of-sight) hand receives a similar stroke -- and within minutes, the person becomes strangely convinced that the rubber hand is his hand.
The Italian experiment, which I found out about in an article in Discover Online, substitutes an auditory stimulus for the visual one -- with an even more startling result.
Irene Senna, professor of psychology at Milono-Bicocca University in Milan, rigged up a similar scenario to Botvinick and Cohen's. A subject sits with one hand through a screen. On the back of the subject's hand is a small piece of foil which connects an electrical lead to a computer. The subject sees a hammer swinging toward her hand -- but the hammer stops just short of smashing her hand, and only touches the foil gently (but, of course, she can't see this). The touch of the hammer sends a signal to the computer -- which then produces a hammer-on-marble clink sound.
After repeating this only a few times, the subject feels absolutely convinced that her hand has turned to stone.
[Image is in the Public Domain]
What is impressive about this illusion is that the feeling persists even after the experiment ends, and the screen is removed -- and even though the test subjects knew what was going on. Subjects felt afterwards as if their hands were cold, stiff, heavier, less sensitive. They reported difficulty bending their wrists.
To me, the coolest (and freakiest) thing about this is that our knowledge centers, the logical and rational prefrontal cortex and associated areas, are completely overcome by the sensory-processing centers when presented with this scenario. We can know something isn't real, and simultaneously cannot shake the brain's decision that it is real. None of the test subjects was crazy; they all knew that their hands weren't made of stone. But presented with sensory information that contradicted that knowledge, they couldn't help but come to the wrong conclusion.
And this once again illustrates why I trust science, and am suspicious of eyewitness reports of UFOs, Bigfoot, ghosts, and the like. Our brains are simply too easy to fool, especially when emotions (particularly fear) run high. We can be convinced that what we're seeing or hearing is the real deal, to the point that we are unwilling to admit the possibility of a different explanation.
But as Senna's elegant little experiment shows, we can't rely on what our senses tell us. Data from scientific measuring devices will always be better than pure sensory information. To quote Tyson again: "We think that the eyewitness testimony of an authority -- someone wearing a badge, or a pilot, or whatever -- is somehow better than the testimony of an average person. But no. I'm sorry... but it's all bad."
I know I sometimes wax rhapsodic about books that really are the province only of true science geeks like myself, and fling around phrases like "a must-read" perhaps a little more liberally than I should. But this week's Skeptophilia book recommendation of the week is really a must-read.
No, I mean it this time.
Kathryn Schulz's book Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error is something that everyone should read, because it points out the remarkable frailty of the human mind. As wonderful as it is, we all (as Schulz puts it) "walk around in a comfortable little bubble of feeling like we're absolutely right about everything." We accept that we're fallible, in a theoretical sense; yeah, we all make mistakes, blah blah blah. But right now, right here, try to think of one think you might conceivably be wrong about.
Not as easy as it sounds.
She shocks the reader pretty much from the first chapter. "What does it feel like to be wrong?" she asks. Most of us would answer that it can be humiliating, horrifying, frightening, funny, revelatory, infuriating. But she points out that these are actually answers to a different question: "what does it feel like to find out you're wrong?"
Actually, she tells us, being wrong doesn't feel like anything. It feels exactly like being right.
Reading Schulz's book makes the reader profoundly aware of our own fallibility -- but it is far from a pessimistic book. Error, Schulz says, is the window to discovery and the source of creativity. It is only when we deny our capacity for error that the trouble starts -- when someone in power decides that (s)he is infallible.
Then we have big, big problems.
So right now, get this book. I promise I won't say the same thing next week about some arcane tome describing the feeding habits of sea slugs. You need to read Being Wrong.
Everyone does.
[Note: if you purchase this book using the image/link below, part of the proceeds goes to support Skeptophilia!]
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