The lake of bones

In Guy Gavriel Kay's brilliant, atmospheric novel Under Heaven, the character of Shen Tai has undertaken a strange vocation.

Under Heaven is set in a world that is a thinly-disguised Tang Dynasty China, and Shen Tai has distanced himself from the backstabbing intrigue of court life to live in a small house beside a lake in the far west of the country.  The lake shore was the site of an ancient battle that left thousands dead.  All his life, Shen Tai has heard the voices of the slain warriors, so once he became an adult he made the decision to spend his days unearthing their skeletons and giving them proper burials, honoring their deaths with the appropriate rituals so their spirits can finally find rest.

I was immediately reminded of Shen Tai's long and arduous task when I stumbled upon an account of the strange (real) place called Roopkund, a glacial lake in Uttarakhand State, India.  It's high up in the Himalayas, at an altitude of a bit over five thousand meters:

[Image licensed under the Creative Commons Schwiki, Roopkund Lake, CC BY-SA 4.0]

Not, to my eye, the most scenic place in the world, but nevertheless Roopkund is a popular trekking destination for a very peculiar reason; like the lake near Shen Tai's little house, Roopkund's rocky soil contains hundreds -- possibly thousands -- of human skeletons.  Some are at the surface, but more erode out of the talus after every spring snow melt.  A few are visible beneath the water's surface, bringing to mind another creepy literary allusion -- Tolkien's Dead Marshes:

The legend is that the skeletons are the remains of people killed by a freak violent hailstorm in the ninth century C. E.  Some versions of the story are even more specific -- that the victims were a local king, Raja Jasdhaval, his wife Rani Balampa, and their retinue, who were on their way to visit the nearby Nanda Devi Shrine when they perished in a storm.  And indeed, many of the skeletons show unhealed injuries of the kind you'd expect from a blow to the top of the head by a rounded object like a large hailstone.

The story, though, gets even weirder.  Recent radiocarbon and DNA analysis of the remains found that they didn't all die in a single event.  Some of them died in around 800 C. E.; all of those showed typical South Asian genetic signatures.  But another group, that died in around 1800, had highly varied DNA signatures -- not only South Asian, but Vietnamese, Malay, and... Greek!

Nothing from local histories seems to account for how a large group of Greeks and Southeast Asians ended up high up in the Himalayas over two centuries ago.  But apparently, as odd as it seems, there were two separate hailstorms that wiped out not only a bunch of locals, but a large group of foreigners a thousand years later.

I'm not superstitious, but myself, I'm thinking visiting this lake might not be such a great idea.

Be that as it may, it's become a popular destination for aficionados of "dark tourism," the hobby of visiting places with grim or sinister histories.  In fact, the government of Uttarakhand is taking measures to protect the site as a national monument, spurred by how many tourists were going there -- and bringing pieces of the skeletons home with them.

Just a wee bit disrespectful, that.  I'm doubtful anyone is going to start hearing the disembodied voices of ghosts, like Shen Tai did, but fer cryin' in the sink, these are the remains of actual human beings who died painful and gruesome deaths.  Go take a look, if it floats your boat, but then -- just let them rest in peace, okay?  You really don't need a human skull collecting dust on your mantelpiece.

Maybe just read Kay's Under Heaven and learn a few lessons there.

Anyhow, that's our weird story for the day.  A lake full of bones up in the Himalayas, the full story of which is yet to be fleshed out.

So to speak.

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The bones speak

Yesterday I ran into two unrelated studies that are kind of interesting in juxtaposition.

The first was in the journal Heritage Science, and was authored by a team led by Kaare Lund Rasmussen of the University of Southern Denmark.  It describes analysis of bones taken from 17th century Franciscan friaries in Italy and Denmark, looking specifically at trace element levels as an indicator of wealth, diet, medical treatments, and pollutants. 

The similarities were as fascinating as the differences.  In both places, bones from tombs of wealthy patrons were lower in strontium and barium than were bones from the cloisters, where the rank-and-file monks were buried.  This was likely due to the better (and more meat-rich) diet of nobles; ordinary folks ate a great deal more in the way of cereals and grains, which tend to have higher amounts of those trace elements.

On the other hand, the Italian bones had over twenty times the amount of copper that the Danish bones, regardless of social standing.  This was almost certainly because of cookware traditions; there was a long history of Italians of all classes using copper cook pots and storage vessels, whereas the Danes rarely did.

Lead followed the opposite pattern from strontium and barium; the wealthier people had higher amounts of lead in their bones, regardless of where they were from.  Rich people had pewter vessels and serving ware, earthenware coated with lead-based glazes, and (in some cases) lead water intake pipes for indoor plumbing and lead sheets on the roofs of their houses.  Plus -- something that I'd never heard of -- fine wine sometimes had added lead salts, put in to stop it from spoiling.

It worked, apparently, with the downside that if you drank it, you got lead poisoning.

I guess you can't have everything.

Mercury was an interesting one.  Mercury-based "medicine" was used to treat leprosy and syphilis in the Middle Ages.  Like the lead/wine-spoilage thing, the medicine worked only in the sense that you died, after which you no longer had leprosy or syphilis.  What the researchers found was that in Italian bones, the greater the socioeconomic status, the higher the likelihood of having mercury in the bone tissue; not, apparently, that the lower classes didn't get syphilis or leprosy, but that they had less access to treatment when they did.  Danish bones, however, showed no such trend.  The availability of medical treatment for the Danes was much more even-handed -- although, as I pointed out, that was not necessarily a good thing.

It's fascinating that we can analyze four-hundred-year-old bones and make some shrewd guesses about the cultural and social context their former owners lived in.  What they had to contend with -- good and bad -- left a clear record in their graves, still discernible four centuries later.

Then there's the second study, which appeared this week in the journal Environmental Hazards.  Entitled "Gulf Coast Parents Speak: Children's Health in the Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill," by Jaishree Beedasy, Elisaveta Petkova, and Jonathan Sury (of Columbia University), and Stephanie Lackner (of the University of Madrid), the paper describes a study of 720 families in the part of coastal Louisiana hit by the spill, looking particularly at children's health as a function of proximity.  Turns out 60% of parents reported their children having health and/or psychological/emotional problems following exposure, and those who had come into direct physical contact with the spilled oil showed a 4.5 times higher rate of problems than those who had not.

[Image is in the Public Domain]

As the press release about the study in Science Daily put it:

Although natural disasters don't discriminate, they do disproportionately harm vulnerable populations, such as people of color and people with lower incomes.  Children are another vulnerable group, because their coping and cognitive capacities are still developing, and because they depend on caregivers for their medical, social, and educational needs.  A growing body of evidence demonstrates that disasters are associated with severe and long-lasting health impacts for children.

Having just read the story about the Danish and Italian bones, what it immediately got me thinking was, what will future archaeologists say about us when they unearth and analyze our bones?  Will they be able to detect traces of our self-poisoning reliance on fossil fuels?  Will the years from 2016 to 2020 show an uptick in pollutants because of Donald Trump's systematic weakening of environmental protections in favor of zero restrictions on industry and corporate interests?

What will that say to them about our priorities as a society?

Sorry to end on an elegiac note, but since we started with bones buried in cloisters, I suppose it's natural enough.  People eventually wised up to the point that they stopped using lead water intake pipes and cookware, and stopped treating diseases with mercury salts.  They did that, by the way, because of science -- the patient study of cause-and-effect that linked lead and mercury to chronic poisoning.  Let's hope that humanity today starts listening to the scientists today who are warning us about climate change and the health effects of pollution.

Otherwise our distant descendants will make the same judgments of our intelligence as we do of the medievals who put lead compounds in their bottles of wine.

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This week's Skeptophilia book of the week is for anyone fascinated with astronomy and the possibility of extraterrestrial life: The Sirens of Mars: Searching for Life on Another World, by Sarah Stewart Johnson.

Johnson is a planetary scientist at Georgetown University, and is also a hell of a writer.  In this book, she describes her personal path to becoming a respected scientist, and the broader search for life on Mars -- starting with simulations in the most hostile environments on Earth, such as the dry valleys of central Antarctica and the salt flats of Australia, and eventually leading to analysis of data from the Mars rovers, looking for any trace of living things past or present.

It's a beautifully-told story, and the whole endeavor is tremendously exciting.  If, like me, you look up at the night sky with awe, and wonder if there's anyone up there looking back your way, then Johnson's book should be on your reading list.

[Note: if you purchase this book using the image/link below, part of the proceeds goes to support Skeptophilia!]