Wednesday, November 16, 2022
Broken tools
Tuesday, November 15, 2022
Roots of the problem
It's natural enough to think that humans are the only organisms that damage their own habitat. We certainly seem to be doing a damn good job of it. But there have been other times living things have sown the seeds of their own destruction.
One good example is the Great Oxidation Event -- sometimes, justifiably, nicknamed the "Oxygen Holocaust." It occurred just over two billion years ago, and hinges on one rather surprising fact; oxygen is a highly reactive, toxic gas.
There's good evidence that aerobic respiration -- the set of biochemical reactions that allows us to burn the glucose in our food, and which provides us with the vast majority of the energy we use -- evolved first as a mechanism for detoxifying oxygen, and only afterward got co-opted into being an energy pathway. The problem was that prior to the Great Oxidation Event, all of the organisms had been anaerobes, which are capable of releasing energy without oxygen. To the vast majority of anaerobes, oxygen is a deadly poison. That's why when there was a sudden, massive injection of oxygen into the Earth's atmosphere a couple of billions of years ago, the result was that just about every living thing on Earth died.
The tipping point came with the evolution of yet another energetic pathway: photosynthesis. Photosynthesis was a tremendous innovation, as it allowed organisms to harness light energy instead of chemical energy, but it had one significant downside. The first part of the reaction chain of photosynthesis breaks up water molecules and releases oxygen. So when the first photosynthesizers evolved -- probably something like modern cyanobacteria -- oxygen gas began to pour into the oceans and atmosphere.
Something like 99% of life on Earth died.
The survivors fell into three groups: (1) the handful of organisms that had some early form of aerobic respiration as a detoxification pathway; (2) anaerobes that had a way of hiding from the oxygen, like today's methanogens that live in anaerobic mud; and (3) the photosynthesizers themselves.
From the organisms that survived that catastrophic bottleneck came every living thing we currently see around us.
So we're far from being the only organisms that cause ecological problems. The reason the topic comes up, in fact, is because of another example I'd never heard of until I bumped into a paper in the Geological Society of North America Bulletin last week; the Devonian mass extinctions, which are one of the "Big Five" extinction events that have struck the Earth. This particular series of cataclysms wiped out an estimated seventy percent of marine species, but it may have been triggered by the evolution of something that seems innocuous, even benevolent.
Plants had only colonized the land during the previous period, the Silurian, enabled to do so by yet another innovation; the evolution of vascular tissue. The internal plumbing vascular plants have (the xylem and phloem you probably remember from your biology classes) allow plants to move water farther and faster, so they were no longer so tied to living in ponds and lakes. Plus, vascular tissue in many plants doubles as support tissue, so this facilitated growing taller (a significant advantage when you're competing with your near neighbors for light).
But if you're taller, you're also more likely to topple when it's windy. So then there's selection for who's got the best support system. The winners: plants with roots.
Like vascular tissue, roots are multi-purpose. They not only provide support and anchoring, they're good at creating lots of absorptive surface area for water and nutrients. (Some roots are also evolved to store starch -- carrots come to mind -- but that's an innovation that seems to have come much later.) So now we have a competition between plants for who's got the best supports, and who can access nutrients from the soils the fastest.
Roots very quickly became good at twisting their way into rocks. You've undoubtedly seen it; tree roots clinging to, and breaking up, rocks, asphalt, cement, pretty much any barrier they can get a foothold into. When that happened, suddenly there's an erosive force breaking up bedrock and transporting nutrients (especially phosphorus) into plant tissue. Phosphorus began to leach out of the rock into the soil, and when the plants died all the phosphorus in the tissue was released into rivers, streams, and lakes.
The result was a massive influx of nutrients into bodies of water.
Have you ever seen what happens when chemical fertilizers get into a pond? It fosters algal blooms, and when the algae dies and decomposes, the oxygen levels plummet and the entire pond dies.
That's what happened during the late Devonian Period -- but planet-wide.
The huge reef-building rugose and tabulate corals and stromatoporid sponges were wiped out en masse. Other groups, such as trilobites and brachiopods, which depended on the reefs for habitat and food, got knocked back hard as well.
All, the authors claim, because of a nifty innovation in the structure of land plants.
It's tempting to think that the environment is stable; we look around us and think things have always been this way, and will always be this way. What more of us need to understand is that while the global ecosystem is resilient up to a point, there is always a tipping point. The scary part is we can pass that point suddenly, without even realizing it. Then before we're even aware of what's happened, the last chance to turn things around is gone.
The difference between what happened during the Great Oxidation Event and the Devonian Mass Extinctions, and what's happening now, is that back then there was no conscious awareness on the part of the organisms who created the problem and those that were affected. Now, we have (or should have) the awareness to see what is happening, and enough knowledge to make some smart decisions and halt the self-destructive path we're on.
Let's hope that it's not too late.
Monday, November 14, 2022
Waves, demons, and sunk costs
This afternoon I'm in the kitchen, and I'm fixing something to eat, and Terry and I are talking about the election, and the different things that are happening. And for a moment I got quiet, and I heard the voice of the Lord. And you know what he said? He said, 'I got this.'... Father, we thank you. We have worked together between heaven and Earth. Two years, praying, standing, believing, We are, as believers, emboldened, empowered, and standing on our authority in the word of God. This election will not be stolen. Corruption, you bow your knee, your name to the name of Jesus [??? sic], and Father we thank you that we've seen in two years, Jesus himself has rolled up his sleeves, and he has worked, and his people have worked with him, in every shape, form, and manner. So Lord, we thank you that this deal is over. It's up. And now we hear your voice: 'I got this.' And we praise you and honor you for the victory this night for the United States of America.
Well, it's kind of what I expected. They're stealing everything. Just in Herschel Walker's race alone, over two hundred thousand votes have been injected into his opponent to get to this runoff stage. They stole the governor's race with Mastriano in Pennsylvania, we've seen an early injection of ninety thousand votes in the computers, and Kari Lake, they're trying to steal her race, too.
That's why there was no red wave. Abortion. Abortion changed everything. And even though all the polls showed the economy was the main issue, abortion is a religious issue. And religion creates more passion than anything in the world... And there's a religion of demons that loves abortion. That religion of pro-abortion showed up. It was bigger than anybody understood because of the passion those demonic powers create in their church of heathens that love to kill babies. Now that's why there was no red wave. Abortion. Had it not been for the abortion issue, I promise you, the whole country would be red today. What happened in Pennsylvania -- anybody who could vote for that monster, Uncle Fester, proves to me the power of demonic activity in the world today. That's the only way you could vote for that man. That's it. Those demons did show up, and those demons do have power over this Earth.
Friday, November 11, 2022
Fine-toothed comb
Sometimes I need to tell y'all about a new discovery not because it's weird or controversial, but simply because it's cool.
I owe my awareness of this one from my twin brudda from anudda mudda, Andrew Butters of the brilliant blog Potato Chip Math (which you should all subscribe to immediately). Andrew is not only smart and a great writer and funnier than hell, he also knows my capacity for geeking out over anything related to languages, so when he found this, he sent it on to me instantaneously.
It's about the discovery of an ancient ivory comb near Tel Lachish, Israel. It was a cool enough artifact, dating from about 1,700 B.C.E., but its coolness factor increased by a factor of a thousand when it was discovered that it was inscribed with seventeen tiny letters.
The inscription is in Canaanite, and says: "ytš ḥṭ ḏ lqml śʿ[r w]zqt," which translates roughly to, "may this tusk root out lice of the hair and the beard." If you're wondering what happened to all the vowels, they're missing because written Canaanite was an abjad -- a writing system wherein vowels are left out unless they occur first in a word. (Modern abjads include Hebrew and Arabic, both of which are in the same family as Canaanite. If you're curious about abjads and other writing systems, I did a post about that topic back in January.)
There are a lot of things that are cool about this. First, it's mildly amusing that one of the earliest inscriptions ever found has to do with getting rid of lice. Be that as it may, the (much) more awesome piece is that this is the earliest known inscription in the alphabet that would eventually morph into not only Arabic and Hebrew, but Cyrillic (used in several Slavic languages), Greek, and eventually, English.
"This is the first sentence ever found in the Canaanite language in Israel," said archaeologist Yosef Garfinkel, of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "There are Canaanites in Ugarit in Syria, but they write in a different script, not the alphabet that is used still today… The comb inscription is direct evidence for the use of the alphabet in daily activities some 3,700 years ago. This is a landmark in the history of the human ability to write."
Thursday, November 10, 2022
Mental poison
Here in the United States, we just went through another election. There are still several races left unsettled, but the outcome seems to be that neither side got the drubbing the other side wanted, and we're still going to be stuck on the gridlock-inducing razor's edge for another couple of years at least.
For me the most frustrating part of politics is watching how people form their opinions. Ever since the repeal of the FCC's Fairness Doctrine back in 1987, media has devolved into a morass of partisan rhetoric. Long gone are the days of the honorable Walter Cronkite, who was so dedicated to honesty and balance that to this day I don't know what party he himself belonged to. No longer can we simply turn on the news and expect to hear the news. Politically-motivated spin, not to mention careful selection (and omission) of certain news items, guarantees that if you get on your favorite media channel, you'll hear only stories that support what you already believed.
Whether or not those beliefs actually are true.
To take one particularly ridiculous example, consider commentator Joe Rogan's claim that "woke schools" are providing litter boxes for elementary school students who "identify as cats." Rogan later admitted that he lied, and a thorough investigation showed that the story is entirely false -- but not before New Hampshire Republican Senate candidate Don Bolduc used it as a talking point against schools' attempts to honor transgender students' identities.
"I wish I was making this up," Bolduc said, with unintentional irony, to audiences who by and large swallowed the whole story hook, line, and sinker. (Hearteningly, Bolduc lost his race on Tuesday to Democratic incumbent Maggie Hassan, by a ten percent margin.)
The media has gotten to where it controls, rather than just reporting on, political issues. The whole system has been turned on its head -- with disastrous consequences.
If you think I'm exaggerating, take a look at this study that appeared in the journal Memory last month. In "Partisan Bias in False Memories for Misinformation About the 2021 U.S. Capitol Riot," researchers Dustin Calvillo, Justin Harris, and Whitney Hawkins of California State University - San Marcos describe something alarming; eighty percent of a group of over 220 volunteers "recalled" at least one false memory about the January 6, 2021 riot. Further, the false memories Democrats recalled were almost always pro-Democrat, and the false memories Republicans recalled were almost always pro-Republican.
"The main takeaway from this study is that different people can have very different memories of the same event," Calvillo said, in an interview in PsyPost. "People tend to remember details of events that paint themselves and their social groups in a positive light. Accuracy of memory is important to learn from previous events. This partisan bias hinders that learning... Understanding factors related to false memories of real-world political events is an important step in reducing false beliefs that complicate finding solutions to public policy problems. If people do not remember an event similarly, consensus on defining the problem becomes difficult."
Wednesday, November 9, 2022
Spark of lies
Let me just say for the record that if you're making a claim, your case is not strengthened by lying about the evidence.
The topic comes up because of a loyal reader of Skeptophilia, who sent me a link along with a message ending with the words "HUGE FACEPALM," and I have to say that is, if anything, an underreaction.
The story starts with a piece of (legitimate, and actually fascinating) research that appeared in Nature a few years ago. It used the technique of fluorescence tagging to establish that rapid movement of zinc ions at the moment of fertilization is one of the mechanisms that prevents polyspermy -- the fusion of an egg with two sperm cells, which would result in a wildly wrong number of chromosomes and (very) early embryonic death.
Don't believe me? Here is a verbatim quote:
Catholics have long believed life begins at the moment of conception, which is why in vitro fertilization and the use of contraceptives are considered immoral. Now, with the discovery of the spark of life, science just may have proven the Church has been right all along...This then spawned a YouTube video (because of course it did) that has garnered over forty thousand views, and comments like the following:
Researchers discovered the moment a human soul enters an egg, which gives pro-life groups an even greater edge in the battle between embryonic life and death. The precise moment is celebrated with a zap of energy released around the newly fertilized egg.
Teresa Woodruff, one of the study's senior authors and professor in obstetrics and gynecology at the university, delivered a press release in which she stated, "to see the zinc radiate out in a burst from each human egg was breathtaking."
Of course it is breathtaking - she saw the moment a soul entered the newly fertilized egg!
Though scientists are unable to explain why the egg releases zinc, which then binds to small molecules with a flash, the faithful recognize this must be the moment God allows a miracle to occur.
- This gives the idea that the Shroud of Turin somewhat resembles this kind of event, where a burst of light brings someone into life.
- Glory to Lord and Savior Jesus for all eternity Thank you Lord, THANK YOU!!!
- For me if soul exist then also god exist
- In vitro fertilizaton [sic] is playing God, and should be illegal, and fertilized eggs SHOULD NOT BE DESTROYED, they are killing human beings! Life begins at conception no matter what athiest [sic] scientists say!
- I am a Christian but I'm confused on this. If the flash of light has something to do with God and the souls entering the body, why does it happen in animals? I've been told that animals don't have souls... is that wrong idk?
IDK either, honestly, but mostly what IDK is how people who post this stuff remember not to put their underwear on backwards.
The whole thing put me in mind of the map that was circulating in the months after the 2011 Fukushima disaster, and was claimed to show the spread of horrible toxic nuclear contamination from the breached nuclear reactor:
Tuesday, November 8, 2022
Cup of woo
I was just thinking yesterday that it'd been a long time since I'd seen a good example of the kind of loony New Age woo-woo I seemed to run into on a daily basis when I first started Skeptophilia twelve years ago. "Maybe," I thought, "people have moved beyond all that nonsense into a more scientific, skeptical, rational way of looking at the world."
Ha ha ha.
By stating that aloud, I must have tapped into some kind of Quantum Vibration Frequency Resonance Field of Actualization, because while idly perusing TikTok not an hour later, I stumbled upon a post from a guy who is like what would happen if you gave Simon Pegg a hit of acid and then told him to do his best impression of Deepak Chopra.
His name is Matt Cooke, and he calls himself a "manifestation coach." Lest you think I'm exaggerating in my description, here's a transcript of the post in question:
If you understand the power of the quantum field, you hold in your hands the secret of manifestation. I'm going to simplify what the quantum field means, and how you can use it as a tool to manifest anything in your life. So quite simply, you'll hear people say either the quantum field or the unified field. What that basically is is an invisible field of energy carrying information and frequency that is invisible to our five senses but is all around us in space that we can't see.
People say that, do they? Not scientists, presumably, just "people." Do go on.
What people don't realize, though, is that we are also an extension of that field, because we're just energy. The human body is just a dense form of energy moving at a very slow rate of vibration. We in fact vibrate in and out of the quantum field eight times every second.
I've been in this business long enough that as soon as he said "eight times every second," I immediately knew where he'd gotten that number from, and it wasn't from a Quantum-Field-O-Meter, or anything. He's almost certainly referring to a woo favorite, the Schumann resonances, which somehow got wrapped up in mystical goofiness despite the fact that it's actually a very real electromagnetic phenomenon. It's a resonance between the Earth's surface and the conductive layer of the atmosphere (the ionosphere), which has resulted in a standing wave -- an electromagnetic field pulse that has a fundamental frequency of 7.83 Hertz (i.e. just shy of eight times per second). It's been nicknamed "the Earth's heartbeat," which is an unfortunate choice of phrase (second only to physicist Leon Lederman's choice of "the God particle" as his nickname for the Higgs boson), because it encourages woo-ish types to see the Schumann resonances as being evidence of a global consciousness or whatnot, when in reality, as a phenomenon it's about as conscious as a pendulum swinging on a string.
But back to Cooke:
The way the field works is that it is outside of three-dimensional reality. It's something called the fifth dimension.
Presumably not related to the people who sang "This is the Dawning of the Age of Aquarius," although you can see how one might be confused on this point.
The fifth dimension quite simply is beyond time. Time is infinite. Meaning that if time's infinite, there are endless infinite opportunities that exist right now. So anything you desire is there electromagnetically.
Right! Sure! What?
This is why people never change. This is why people continue to attract more of the same stuff into their lives. How we think and how we feel is how attraction works. A thought is an intention, a feeling is an emotion. So if right now you are in lack and hating life, subconsciously you are creating those same thoughts and you're feeling the same way. You're vibrating in and out eight times a second, the field doesn't respond to what you want, it responds to who you're being. This is why you hear people say, if you want to manifest you need to become it right now. If you are seeking something right now in your life, if you change how you think and how you feel, you will broadcast a new electromagnetic signature into the quantum field. Right? You'll be drawing back to you a new state of being. Basically, you'll be reprogramming your vibration. If you change your vibration, you change your personality, and it's your personality, who you are, that creates your outside world. Your inside world creates your outside world, and that is how the quantum field works.
Allow me to direct your attention to the Wikipedia article on quantum field theory, wherein you will quickly find that this is not, in fact, how the quantum field works.
What bothers me about people like this is that they're trying to gain credence for their claims by adding a scientific, physics-based spin on them, and end up using technical terms in such a bizarre way that large numbers of people now have no idea whatsoever what those terms actually mean. And I do mean large numbers; Matt Cooke has over 144,000 followers on TikTok. And he, of course, is small potatoes compared to the champion purveyor of quantum woo, the aforementioned Deepak Chopra, who is so renowned that someone created a Random Deepak Chopra Quote Generator that produces pearls of arcane wisdom so similar to the real thing that I defy anyone to tell the difference. (Here was mine for today: "Infinity differentiates into the expansion of brains through the activation of love.")
So, by all means, Mr. Cooke, keep trying to help people live their best lives. But leave the quantum field to the quantum physicists. It doesn't help your case, and to anyone who has ever taken a college physics course, it makes you sound like a snake oil salesman. Thanks bunches.








